An aggregate function in SQL performs a calculation on a set of values and returns a single value. Common aggregate functions include COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MAX(), and MIN(). Examples of Aggregate Functions: Assume we have the following employees table: 1. COUNT(): Returns the number of rows that match a specified condition. Result: total_employees —————- 5…
Text functions in SQL, also known as string functions, are functions that perform operations on string data types (such as CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT). These functions allow you to manipulate and query string values in various ways, such as concatenating strings, extracting substrings, converting case, replacing substrings, and more. Text functions are essential for handling…
A stack in C++ is a data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle. This means that the last element added to the stack will be the first one to be removed. Think of it like a stack of plates: you add new plates to the top of the stack, and when…